{"id":33906,"date":"2022-04-27T22:12:42","date_gmt":"2022-04-28T02:12:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/?p=33906"},"modified":"2022-04-27T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2022-04-28T02:14:15","slug":"a-comprehensive-guide-to-parametric-equations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/2022\/04\/a-comprehensive-guide-to-parametric-equations\/","title":{"rendered":"A Comprehensive Guide to Parametric Equations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In mathematics, parametric equations <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">describe <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a pair of quantities as explicit functions of independent variables regarded as \u201cparameters.\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are most commonly used to define the coordinates of points that comprise a geometric artifact such as a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curve\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">curve<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or surface, in which case the equations are referred to as a \u201cparametric representation\u201d or \u201cparameterization of an object.\u201d In this article, we will learn to graph plane curves and eliminate the parameter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although, before all else, we will consider the empirical use of parametric equations in order to gain a conceptual understanding of it outside of purely abstract notions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine a particle moving along a curve <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, shown below.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33907\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33907\" style=\"width: 384px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33907\" src=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-300x196.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-500x326.png 500w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-24x16.png 24w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-36x23.png 36w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1-48x31.png 48w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33907\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image Credit-Estefania Olaiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is virtually impossible to describe <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with an equation in the form of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y = f(x)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is because it fails the Vertical Line Test, which allows us to determine whether a curve in a graph represents a function. However, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> coordinates of the particle are considered functions of time. Therefore, we can consider it as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = f(t) and y = g(t)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This should give you a practical idea of our topic of discussion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Graphing plane curves<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphing a plane curve involves plotting points in the rectangular coordinate system and connecting them with a smooth curve. To do this, we need to select values for<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on a given interval, use the given parametric equations to calculate <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for each value of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and plot <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(x, y)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in increasing order, as well as connect them with the smooth curve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Graph the plane curve defined by the parametric equations <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = t\u00b2 &#8211; 1, y = 2t, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> -2 \u2264 t \u2264 2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 1.\u00a0 Select values from the given interval.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> We will now choose integral values of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the interval <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-2 \u2264 t \u2264 2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Let <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t = -2, -1, 0, 1,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 2.\u00a0 For each value of <\/b><b><i>t<\/i><\/b><b>, use the listed parametric equations to calculate <\/b><b><i>x<\/i><\/b><b> and <\/b><b><i>y<\/i><\/b><b>.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is demonstrated by the table below, where the first column details the choices for parameter <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the following two columns depict the values for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the last column delineates the ordered pair <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(x, y)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33908\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33908\" style=\"width: 569px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33908\" src=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-300x98.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"569\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-500x163.png 500w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-24x8.png 24w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-36x12.png 36w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2-48x16.png 48w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33908\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image Credit-Estefania Olaiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Step 3. Plot the points <\/b><b><i>(x, y)<\/i><\/b><b> in order of increasing <\/b><b><i>t<\/i><\/b><b> and adjoin them with a smooth curve. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plane curve defined by the parametric equations on the interval is loosely represented below.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33909\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33909\" style=\"width: 542px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33909\" src=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-300x186.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"542\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-500x310.png 500w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-24x15.png 24w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-36x22.png 36w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3-48x30.png 48w, https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/3.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33909\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image Credit-Estefania Olaiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note: The line is meant to be smoothed.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Eliminating the parameter<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aforementioned graph shows <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = t\u00b2 &#8211; 1, y = 2t, -2 \u2264 t \u2264 2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Even if we carefully scrutinize the equations, we may not be able to identify that a corresponding plane curve is a section of the parabola. By removing the parameter, we can create an equation that is equivalent to the parametric equations. To do this, we need to solve one equation for parameter <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and substitute the value in the second equation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Example:<\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = t\u00b2 &#8211; 1 <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> y = 2t.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 1. Solve for parameter <\/b><b><i>t<\/i><\/b><b>.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solving for<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> y = 2t<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we get a result of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t = y\/2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Step 2. Substitute for <\/b><b><i>t<\/i><\/b><b>.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using the value <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t = y\/2<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the equation<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> x = t\u00b2 &#8211; 1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we substitute. Therefore, we end up with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = (y\/2)\u00b2 &#8211; 1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In conclusion, we have just learned how to graph and eliminate parametric equations. A comprehensive approach to the subject will prove itself particularly relevant in a calculus class, more specifically, in an AP Calculus BC course.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Written By: <a href=\"https:\/\/nstem.org\/staging\/archives\/leader\/estefania-olaiz-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estefania Olaiz<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Date: <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">February 28, 2022<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Sources:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>1. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/parametric-equation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/parametric-equation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parametric_equation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parametric_equation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/tutorial.math.lamar.edu\/classes\/calcii\/parametriceqn.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/tutorial.math.lamar.edu\/classes\/calcii\/parametriceqn.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>4. <a href=\"http:\/\/rfrith.uaa.alaska.edu\/M201\/Chapter10\/Chap10_Sec1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/rfrith.uaa.alaska.edu\/M201\/Chapter10\/Chap10_Sec1.pdf<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>5. <a href=\"https:\/\/fl01000126.schoolwires.net\/cms\/lib\/FL01000126\/Centricity\/Domain\/261\/Ch9_Section5.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/fl01000126.schoolwires.net\/cms\/lib\/FL01000126\/Centricity\/Domain\/261\/Ch9_Section5.pdf<\/span> <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In mathematics, parametric equations describe a pair of quantities as explicit functions of independent variables regarded as \u201cparameters.\u201d They are most commonly used to define the coordinates of points that comprise a geometric artifact such as a curve or surface, in which case the equations are referred to as a \u201cparametric representation\u201d or \u201cparameterization of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":33907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[198],"tags":[492,491,211,199],"persona":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33906","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-blog","8":"tag-college-and-university","9":"tag-high-school-9th-through-12th-grade","10":"tag-stem","11":"tag-stem-education","12":"pmpro-has-access","13":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin 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